The cross-sectional nature of the data, the potential for healthy switcher bias, the inability to adjust for body mass index, the variable and uncontrollable effects of prior tobacco exposure in the vaping groups, and the small number of never-smoker vapers all preclude such a conclusion
Acute hyperinflation accounted in part for the variability in the perception of dyspnea after accounting for change in FEV 1 during bronchoconstriction
The negative effects of smoking on general health are well known, but smoking may also affect fertility. Male smoking has been linked to lower IVF success rates and possibly higher miscarriage rates
I had known the Tonys music since The Revival album, but it wasnt until we began recording together that we became close, Ali says from his home in New Jersey
"Citizens and the cigarette: The civic dimensions of America's earliest, youth-targeted, mass-mediated anti-cigarette campaign." Journal of consumer culture 13.1 (2013): 324