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Taking into account the K D = 34.7 fM ( K D determined from competition with His in the present work) , K D 1 = 3.7 10 9 M and K D 2 = 4.7 10 7 M values for Cu(II)-His complexes at pH 7.4 (taken from 31 ) it can be estimated that approximately 0.7 nM of Cu(II) are bound to His mainly in the form of CuHis 2 complex (Equations are presented in Materials and methods)

10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.044 163 NiuC.JiangD.GuoY.WangZ.SunQ.WangX.et al (2023)

What the mechanism data actually says In human dermal papilla cell cultures, GHK-Cu has been shown to upregulate genes associated with anagen maintenance, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)

The source of irradiation was a 15 watt lamp emitting UV light with a wavelength of 312 nm (UVP, Upland, CA, USA)

Gordillo, M., Evans, T