These benefits have been consistently confirmed in subsequent clinical trials and meta-analyses, leading to iSGLT2 being recognized as a first-line treatment for diabetic patients with elevated cardiovascular risk and HF 12,13,14,15
PEM is characterized by a severe, delayed exacerbation of symptoms following minimal physical or cognitive exertion
December 2024
Communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain is facilitated by the gutbrain axis, which includes the central nervous system, spinal cord, enteric nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis [151]
Stronger effects observed in older adult populations may reflect unique pathophysiological mechanisms of late-life depression, including mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative processes, which ALC could plausibly target