Articles were excluded if they: (1) reported litter and cigarette butt densities using the items per meter unit, (2) lacked numerical data on cigarette butt density or the specific percentage among anthropogenic litter, (3) focused solely on public perception or smoking behavior, and (4) were conducted exclusively indoors or in controlled laboratory settings
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The decrease in smoking prevalence attributable to a tax on cigarettes ranged from 8% (from a $0.71 tax) to 46% (from a $4.63 tax)
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But tax experts Michael LaFaive and Todd Nesbit of the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, writing in Complete Colorado last month, predicted that smuggled cigarettes, both casual and commercial, would leap from 12 percent to 36 percent of all those smoked here
