While SSRIs are efficacious, their safety profile in terms of reproductive system toxicity remains controversial, especially in developing adolescents, fertile adults, and perinatal pregnant women ( 2 Effects of SSRIs on reproductive cytogenesis 2.1 Effects of SSRIs on male germ cells Several studies have found that fluoxetine disrupts the hypothalamuslobetestis axis, significantly decreasing the serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone, and testosterone, while also affecting several sperm quality parameters, as evidenced by decreased sperm concentrations and viability, increased deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation, and lower reproductive organ weights (Figure 1), which could have been attributed to diminished androgen levels
The most commonly reported reactions include pain, bruising, or redness at the injection site, mild nausea or stomach upset, diarrhea, and headache
doi: 10.1038/s41380-025-02911-7 51 Melo Dos SantosLSTrombetta-LimaMEggenBDemariaM
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BPC-157 is commonly used in preclinical studies of wound-healing kinetics, gut barrier integrity, tendon-to-bone junction repair, and vascular network formation