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First, this study utilized a retrospective self-report, thus there is potential for recall bias in the cigarettes per day and duration of smoking variables

Furthermore, smoking also reduces the chance of a successful In Vitro Fertilization, (IVF)

Because products such as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other reduced-risk nicotine products have been shown to effectively deliver a similar smoking experience by replicating many of the characteristics of combustible cigarettes, reduced-risk options could be leveraged as a reasonable tool for behavioral substitutions

The chemicals in thirdhand smoke include nicotine as well as cancer-causing substances such as formaldehyde, naphthalene and others, according to the Mayo Clinic

Negative subjective effects A summary of negative subjective effects and adverse events can be found in the supplement