IGF-1 Upregulation Downstream Anabolic Signaling Both peptides indirectly stimulate insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) production through sustained growth hormone elevation: Growth hormone binds to hepatic GH receptors activating JAK-STAT signaling pathways Increased transcription of IGF-1 gene in liver tissue Elevated plasma IGF-1 levels mediate anabolic effects in muscle, bone, and adipose tissue IGF-1 provides negative feedback regulation preventing excessive growth hormone secretion Studies report IGF-1 increases of 1.5- to 3-fold for 9-11 days following CJC-1295 administration, with the ipamorelin combination providing more sustained elevation
Exogenous orexin peptides, pro-drug precursors, or small-molecule agonists may accomplish this (Nepovimova et al., 2019)
BPC-157 triggers a multi-factorial healing response
In the second step, glycine is added to the carboxyl group of cysteine by glutathione synthetase, again consuming one molecule of ATP, to produce the final tripeptide glutathione (GSH), see Fig
Greco D, Kotronen A, Westerbacka J, Puig O, Arkkila P, Kiviluoto T, Laitinen S, Kolak M, Fisher RM, Hamsten A, Auvinen P, Yki-Jarvinen H (2008) Gene expression in human NAFLD
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