Metformin Trade Names: Glucophage, Glucophage XR Drug Class: oral hypoglycemic, biguanide Mechanism of Action: via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)(see Figure 1)
They can be administered with the purpose of the inhibition of tyrosinase activity, reduction of melanin transfer, acceleration of keratinocyte turnover, melanin dispersion, and enhanced skin permeation through the stratum corneum layer (Ortonne, 2006)
Why Liposomal Formats May Reduce Nausea: Protection: The glutathione is shielded, so it doesn't come into direct contact with the stomach lining
Arevalo GE, Frank MK, Decker KS, Theodoraki MA, Theodorakis EA (2023) Gambogic acid: multi-gram scale isolation, stereochemical erosion toward epi-gambogic acid and biological profile
The texture is slightly thicker than the creams above but still relatively light for a night cream