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implementation to other hospitals, increasing sample size and diversity of patient included) to improve generalizability of our findings

Nicotine in cigarettes is also associated with high blood sugar levels that smokers are accustomed to

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Tobacco smoke disrupts gut microbiota homeostasis driving metabolic dysfunction and multi-organ pathologies through inflammatory-metabolic axis dysregulation Tobacco smoke exposure disrupts gut microbial homeostasis, triggering metabolic dysregulation and systemic pathologies, including weight loss, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and hepatic dysfunction through microbiota-derived inflammatory mediators and metabolite imbalances