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In vivo studies confirmed that Ghrelin significantly activated the BMP6/SMAD1 signaling pathway in the brain tissue of AD mice, thereby inhibiting microglial ferroptosis, promoting microglial polarization toward the M2 phenotype, and ameliorating learning and memory deficits in AD mice (Guo et al., 2025b)
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Abbreviations 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine Ach: Acetylcholine AD: Alzheimers disease Ascl1: Achate-schute complex homolog-like 1 BBB: Blood-brain barrier BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor CNTF: Ciliary neurotrophic factor CREB: Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein CXCR4: CXC chemokine receptor 4 DKK3: Dickkopf 3 ER: Estrogen receptors GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid GDNF: Glial-derived nerve factor GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1 ICV: Intracerebroventricular IL: Interleukin LPS: Lipopolysaccharide mGluRs: Metabotropic glutamate receptors MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells NeuroD1: Neurogenic differentiation 1 NGF: Nerve growth factor NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSCs: Neural stem cells OB: Olfactory bulb Pax6: Paired box gene 6 PD: Parkinsons diseases PUFA: Poly-unsaturated fatty acids RBPJ: Recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J REST: RE1 silencing transcription factor RMS: Rostral migratory stream SGZ: Subgranular zone Sox2: SRY-related high-mobility-group box 2 SVZ: Subventricular Zone Tbr2: T-box brain gene 2 TFs: Transcription factors TGF- : Transforming growth factor- TLX: Orphan nuclear hormone receptor tailless TNFs: Tumor necrosis factors Trk: Tropomyosin-related kinase VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor References Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Bjork-Eriksson T, Alborn A-M, Nordborg C, Peterson DA, Gage FH
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