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HMGB1 is considered a conventional pro-inflammatory mediator, among other functions, due to the fact that it could activate immunocompetent cells and stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokines, together with TNF-, IL-1, and others, and may contribute to the induction of fever and anorexia
doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.01.040 248 NojimaIWadaJ
Lifestyle and dietary interventions are central to treatment, as they directly influence metabolic and endocrine pathways [8, 9]
Spatial dimension: compartment-specific regulation
514 UPR signaling in neuroinflammation, oligodendrocyte survival, and demyelination in MS ER stress is widely observed in demyelinating lesions in MS, with elevated levels of markers such as CHOP, BiP, phosphorylated PERK, phosphorylated eIF2, and XBP-1 in microglia, oligodendrocytes (OLs), T cells, and astrocytes
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