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1 A study that assessed the acute cardiovascular effects of waterpipe smoking by comparing heart rate and blood pressure measurements before and after a 30-minute to 60-minute hookah smoking session found significant increases in heart rate (ranging from 4.1 bpm to 16 bpm) and a rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (ranging from 6.7 mmHg to 15.7 mmHg and 2.0 mm Hg to 14 mmHg, respectively)

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2g and Supplementary Fig

Hookah pipes are made up of a bowl, stem, vase, hose, and mouthpiece