Background: Incretins were discovered after it was observed that administration of an oral glucose load leads to a much greater stimulation of insulin release than a comparable glucose load given intravenously (Hansotia & Drucker, 2005)
Bacterial responses to photo-oxidative stress
Bacterial infections are among the most life-threatening healthcare challenges, accounting for approximately 13.6% of global mortality and affecting 1 in 8 individuals worldwide ( Beyond their pathogenic roles, bacteria are integral to human health, especially in the gut, contributing to immune modulation and digestion ( The human microbiome, especially the gut microbiota, comprises numerous symbiotic bacterial species (e.g., Lactobacillus , Bacillus , Clostridium , Enterococcus , and Ruminococcus ) that collectively represent approximately 90% of the gut flora ( While antibiotics effectively eliminate harmful pathogens, their indiscriminate targeting also affects beneficial bacteria, reducing microbial diversity and increasing the likelihood of antibiotic resistance ( The decreasing efficacy of antibiotics and the limited availability of alternative treatments underscore the urgent need for new classes of antibacterial therapeutics
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Researchers have suggested that a complex interplay between changing hormone levels, aging, and calcium crystals in the inner ear may influence BPPV susceptibility, particularly in perimenopausal women
