Review of WADA prohibited substances: limited evidence for performance-enhancing effects
Flags theoretical pathologic angiogenesis potential: PMC12446177 Evidence Summary Preclinical: IBD/colitis models: High remission rates, restored mucosal architecture, improved barrier function Tendon repair: Accelerated healing, improved tensile strength, reduced fibrosis Neurovascular: Sciatic nerve protection, enhanced blood vessel growth in nerve tissue Human data (emerging): Interstitial cystitis pilot (2024, n=12): 10/12 complete resolution, 2/12 at 80% improvement IV safety study (2025, n=2): no adverse effects on cardiac, hepatic, renal, or glucose biomarkers Knee pain retrospective (2021, n=17): 91.6% reported significant improvement No large-scale controlled trials published Safety: No immunosuppression or hormonal disruption in available data 2025 systematic review (HSS Journal): recommends caution due to limited high-quality clinical evidence 2025 narrative review: flags theoretical pathologic angiogenesis risk Stable in gastric acid (oral administration viable) No observed toxicity at therapeutic doses in published reports Foundational Reviews Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, et al
We will look at the evidence regarding its ability to protect and repair brain cells
Historical Background Methylene blue was first synthesized in 1876 by the chemist Heinrich Caro, marking the advent of synthetic drugs
Early/limited evidence LL-37 , Selank , SS-31 , Epitalon , and the Khavinson bioregulators have varying levels of evidence for immune modulation, but their specific application to autoimmune disease involves significant extrapolation from general immune effects to specific autoimmune mechanisms
