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MOTS-C is a mitochondrial-derived peptide studied for its potential involvement in metabolic regulation, cellular stress response models, and pathways associated with mitochondrial function and energy balance

Cell were then treated with Cy5.5-labeled NP4 for 1 h, 4 h, or 7 h, respectively, washed with PBS, and analyzed by flow cytometry (Beckman Coulter, U.S.A.)

Dighade R, Ingole R, Ingle P, Gade A, Hajare S, Ingawale M (2021) Nephroprotective effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum-mediated silver nanoparticles in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in rat

The copper ion is integral to GHK-Cu's biological activity, serving as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions involved in collagen crosslinking and antioxidant defence mechanisms

Together they support immune function, redox balance, detox pathways, and recovery from oxidative stress