Existing literature on the relationship between smoking and specific health outcomes is prolific, including meta-analyses, cohort studies and casecontrol studies analyzing the risk of outcomes such as lung cancer 5,6,7 , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 8,9,10 and ischemic heart disease 11,12,13,14 due to smoking
Evidence brief: Risk factors for simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis
Smoking-induced oxidative DNA damage, chronic inflammation, and impaired immunity combine to promote lung carcinogenesis (Stefaniak et al
Thus, PCSE may lead to biochemical cholinergic effects that persist into adulthood, leading to dopaminergic upregulation and increased AChE activity that develop into symptoms of schizophrenia [98]
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