In addition to mitochondrial OxS (as detailed below), there are numerous sources of endogenous OxS (e.g., inflammatory responses) that can be relevant to T2D progression [87]
Any references to overlapping pathway activity are included solely for scientific context and do not imply that the blend is intended to heal, regenerate, or treat any condition
At picomolar to nanomolar concentrations, GHK-Cu stimulated the synthesis of collagen in skin fibroblasts, increased accumulation of total proteins, glycosaminoglycans (in a biphasic curve) and DNA in the dermal wounds in rats
However, it is known that through dietary intake and/or supplementation, antioxidants such as vitamin C, E, and carotenoids are deposited into the epidermis at higher concentrations compared with the dermis [4,5,6], which suggests the importance of inside to outside treatment of the skin
These effects result from enhanced expression and membrane trafficking of GLUT1, mediated via TXNIP downregulation due to mitochondrial complex I inhibition
