ROS have a dual role: on one hand, they serve as important signaling molecules in cellular signal transduction (43), while on the other hand, excessive ROS levels may oxidize mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (44, 45), membrane lipids, and mitochondrial proteins (46), leading to mitochondrial structural damage and potentially accelerating functional impairment (47, 48)
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This causes high oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death of the hepatocytes.[ref] As these cells die, inflammatory cascades perpetuate the oxidative stress, leading to bleeding, fibrosis, or possibly liver failure